Perhaps best known for his stories of Weimar, Germany, collected in The Berlin Stories (1946), which were later adapted for the play I Am a Camera (1951) and the stage musical and film Cabaret (1966 and 1972), Isherwood also made important headway in the portrayal of gay men both in his fiction and numerous volumes of memoirs. In addition, he had a lengthy career as a Hollywood screenwriter, and wrote and edited a number of books about his religious faith, Vedantism, aimed at western readers.
Works in Biographical and Historical Context
Cambridge and Auden The son of a career military officer, Christopher William Bradshaw-Isherwood was born in High Lane, Cheshire, England, on August 26, 1904. He attended the Repton School from 1919 to 1922 and Cambridge University from 1924 to 1925. He left in 1925 without earning a degree, his undistinguished academic career ending when he gave mischievous and wrong answers to the questions on his final exams. His university year was significant because it was at Cambridge that he met Wystan Hugh Auden, with whom he later collaborated on several literary projects, and because it was there that he became a practicing homosexual, an orientation that played an important role in his personal and artistic life.
Meanwhile, Isherwood was working on two stories that would later become his most successful book, The Berlin Stories (1946). The book, comprised of the two short novels, The Last of Mr. Norris and Goodbye to Berlin presents an in-depth portrait of life in Germany’s capital as that republican center collapsed. The two novels set in Berlin are quite distinct, but in each Isherwood masters a unique voice, creates some of the most memorable characters in modern fiction, and movingly depicts a city in the process of internal decay. As explorations of the ways in which public and private concerns intersect, they are passionately engaged, haunted by the brooding specter of Nazism. Playwright John van Druten adapted The Berlin Stories for the stage in a play called I Am a Camera (1955), which was later adapted into the musical Cabaret (1967).
Relocation Isherwood and Auden traveled to China in 1938 and 1939 and published the part travel diary, part war chronicle Journey to a War, which describes the Sino-Japanese War. That conflict erupted in August 1937 and was a grim foreshadowing of World War II.
When World War II broke out in Europe, Isherwood and Auden came to America. The move made them enemies to many Britons, who saw them as fleeing the country in the face of oncoming war. Indeed, even three years later, in Put Out More Flags, novelist Evelyn Waugh, christening them Parsnip and Pimpernell, commented, ‘‘What I don’t see is how these two can claim to be contemporary if they run away from the biggest event in contemporary history.’’
Isherwood was a conscientious objector during World War II and became a U. S. citizen in 1946. During World War II he wrote scripts for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Warner Brothers, and 20th Century Fox film studios. He also worked for a year in a refugee center in Haverford, Pennsylvania.
During the 1970s and 1980s Isherwood concentrated on writing nonfiction, including Kathleen and Frank (1971), a biography of his parents, and Christopher and His Kind (1976), a memoir of the years in Berlin that inspired The Berlin Stories. He also continued to write about his religious experiences, as in My Guru and His Disciple (1980).
Isherwood lived and worked in Southern California until his death from cancer on January 4, 1986.
Works in Literary Context
Most of Isherwood’s fiction was based upon diaries, and it is consequently imbued with what David Thomas describes as ‘‘the verite´ of actual events with an acute sense of specific place and time.’’ Some key themes that run through Isherwood’s work, not surprisingly, tend to center on his sexuality. His autobiographical works attempt to explain the personal myths he created for himself and the artistic, intellectual, sexual, and spiritual values that those works embody. His commitment to gay liberation, then, appears in both his nonfiction and fiction works.
Homosexuality and Alienation Christopher Isherwood was one of the first authors to treat homosexuality in a no sensationalist vein. The impact of Isherwood’s homosexuality on his writing is pervasive and incalculable, felt both directly and indirectly. His interest lay in certain psychological predicaments and in recurring character types and themes. He was also fascinated by the antiheroic hero, rebellion against middle-class respectability, and ‘‘The Lost’’ (his code name for the alienated and the excluded). All are related to his awareness of himself as a homosexual. Even when represented as suppressed or disguised for legal or artistic reasons, homosexuality is a felt presence in Isherwood’s novels. It is a crucial component of the myth of the outsider that he developed so painstakingly. It is a symbol not merely of alienation and isolation, but also of individuality.
In his early works, Isherwood presents homosexuality unapologetically. He domesticates aspects of gay life that other writers sensationalized, and he reveals considerable insight into the dynamics of gay relationships. His first novel, All the Conspirators, indicts the repression of homosexual feelings, a motif that will recur throughout his career. His second novel, The Memorial (1932), portrays a homosexual’s grief at the loss of his best friend in World War I. The Berlin Stories depicts a wide range of homosexual characters, from Baron Kuno von Pregnitz, whose secret fantasies revolve around English schoolboy adventure stories, to Peter Wilkinson and Otto Nowak, who share a spoiled homosexual idyll on Reugen Island. In this work the unhappiness that plagues the gay characters is attributed not to their homosexuality but to their infection with the soul sickness that denies life and distorts reality, an infection they share with everyone else in the doomed city. In the early works, homosexual characters are juxtaposed with heterosexual ones to reveal beneath their apparent polarities a shared reality of a deadened spirit.
Sexual Minorities as a Political Force Isher-wood’s American novels, beginning with The World in the Evening, focus more directly on the political aspects of being homosexual in a homophobic society. In these novels, Isherwood anticipates the concerns of the nascent gay liberation movement, as he presents homosexuals as a legitimate minority in a sea of minorities that constitute Western democracies. By conceiving of homosexuals as an aggrieved minority, Isherwood both softens the social and religious stigma linked to them and encourages solidarity among their ranks. He also implies the possibility of a political backlash to injustice by forming alliances with other disadvantaged minorities. The dilemma faced by the homosexual characters in Isherwood’s later novels is crystallized in their apparently irreconcilable needs to assert their individuality and to feel a sense of community.
The Need for Community In Isherwood’s A Single Man, the need for community is also an issue. The novel more fully develops the context of gay oppression and places it within a still larger context of spiritual transcendence. A Single Man regards the assertions of individual uniqueness and minority consciousness as necessary worldly and political goals, but it finally subsumes them in the Vedantic idea of the universal consciousness.
Works in Critical Context
Isherwood’s problematic status in modern literature comes from a history of sharply divided critical opinion best summarized by author G. K. Hall: ‘‘Christopher Isherwood has always been a problem for the critics. An obviously talented writer, he has refused to exploit his artistry for either commercial success or literary status. . . . Isher-wood was adjudged a ‘promising writer’—a designation that he has not been able to outrun even to this day.’’ As if to underscore this point, author Gore Vidal has called Isherwood ‘‘the best prose writer in English.’’
Journey to a War Isherwood’s nonfiction writings earned ambivalent reviews. Reviews of Journey to a War tended to be essentially positive, but Mildred Boie of The Atlantic took issue because the book was not ‘‘original and profound.’’ Another critic accused Isherwood and Auden of being tourists at a war, a curious criticism given Isherwood and Auden’s great sympathy for the suffering around them. In his 1939 The Nation review, Lincoln Kirsten offered possibly the most accurate summation of what Isherwood and Auden achieved when he called the book ‘‘perhaps the most intense record of China at war yet written in English.’’
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Christopher Isherwood
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